Defect management process.

The major steps involved in the process are:

Defect management process

Defect Prevention  — Implementation of techniques, methodology and standard processes to reduce the risk of defects.

 Deliverable Baseline  — Establishment of milestones where deliverables will be considered complete and ready for further development work.  When a deliverable is base lined, any further changes are controlled.  Errors in a deliverable are not considered defects until after the deliverable is base lined.

 Defect Discovery  — Identification and reporting of defects for development team acknowledgment.  A defect is only termed discovered when it has been documented and acknowledged as a valid defect by the development team member(s) responsible for the component(s) in error.

 Defect Resolution  — Work by the development team to prioritize, schedule and fix a defect, and document the resolution.  This also includes notification back to the tester to ensure that the resolution is verified.

 Process Improvement — Identification and analysis of the process in which a defect originated to identify ways to improve the process to prevent future occurrences of similar defects.  Also the validation process that should have identified the defect earlier is analyzed to determine ways to strengthen that process.

 Management Reporting  — Analysis and reporting of defect information to assist management with risk management, process improvement and project management.

 

How you prepare test data before test execution???

Design our test data considering following categories,

Test data set examples:

1) No data: Run your test cases on blank or default data. See if proper error messages are generated.

2) Illegal data format: Make one data set of illegal data format. System should not accept data in invalid or illegal format. Also check proper error messages are generated.

3) Boundary Condition data set: Data set containing out of range data. Identify application boundary cases and prepare data set that will cover lower as well as upper boundary conditions.

4) This data set should be large in volume to perform performance, load and stress testing

5) Valid data set: Create it to check if application is functioning as per requirements and valid input data is properly saved in database or files.

6) Invalid data set: Prepare invalid data set to check application behavior for negative values, alphanumeric string inputs. This way creating separate data sets for each test condition will ensure complete test coverage.

 

Simple SQL learning.

CREATION OF TABLE:

Syntax:

SQLl> create table <table name> (column name data type(size), column name datatype(size));

Example:

SQLl> create table emp1 (empno number(4),ename varchar2(10),job varchar2(9));

HOW TO INSERT VALUES:

Syntax:

SQL> insert into <table name> values(data1,data2);

Example:

SQL> insert into emp1 values(100,’arif’,’dba’);

Syntax:

SQL> insert into <table name> values(&data1,&data2);

Example:

SQL> insert into emp1 values(&empno,’&ename’,’&job’);

Syntax:

SQL> insert into <table name>(column list) values(data1,data2);

Example:

SQL> insert into emp1 (empno) values (300);

 HOW TO DROP A TABLE:

Syntax:

SQL> drop table  <table name>

Example:

SQL>drop table emp1;

HOW TO CREATE A TABLE BY COPYING FROM OTHER TABLE :

Syntax:

SQL>create table <new table name> (column list) as select */(column list) from <table name>[where (condition)]

Example:

SQL>create table emp2 as select * from emp;

 

HOW TO SEE TABLE FROM THE DATA BASE:

Syntax:

SQL> select * from tab;

 

HOW TO GET DATA FROM THE TABLE:

Syntax:

SQL>select */ (column list) from <table name>[where (condition)]

Example:

SQL>select * from emp;

SQL>select empno,ename from emp;

HOW TO INSERT RECORDS IN A ALREADY CREATED TABLE BY SELECTING FROM ANOTHER TABLE

Syntax:

SQL>insert into <table name>  select */(column list) from <table name>[where (condition)]

Example:

SQL>insert into emp1 as select * from emp;

UPDATE ROWS IN A TABLE:

Syntax:

SQL>update <table name> set column name= value [where (condition)]

Example:

SQL>update emp set comm.=500 where comm.=null;

HOW SPECIFY INTIGRITY CONSTRAINT:

Unique constraint:

Syntax:

 SQL> create table <table name> (column name data type(size)constraint

<constraint name> unique, column name datatype(size));

Example:

SQL> create table emp1 (empno number(4)constraint uni_emp unique ,ename varchar2(10),job varchar2(9));

 

Not null constraint:

Syntax:

 SQL> create table <table name> (column name data type(size)constraint

<constraint name> not null, column name datatype(size));

Example:

SQL> create table emp1 (empno number(4)constraint nn_emp not null ,ename varchar2(10),job varchar2(9));

 

Primary key constraint

Syntax:

 SQL> create table <table name> (column name data type(size)constraint

<constraint name> primary key, column name datatype(size));

Example:

SQL> create table emp1 (empno number(4)constraint pk-emp primary key ,ename varchar2(10),job varchar2(9));

Check integrity constraint:

Syntax:

 SQL> create table <table name> (column name data type(size)constraint

<constraint name> check(value), column name datatype(size));

 

Example:

SQL> create table emp1 (empno number(4),ename varchar2(10),job varchar2(9) constraint ck-emp check (job in(‘salesman’,’clerk’,’analyst’));

foreign key constraint:

Syntax:

 SQL> create table <table name> (column name data type(size)constraint

<constraint name> reference (parent table name(column name)) , column name datatype(size));

Example:

SQL> create table dept1 (deptno number(4)constraint fk-emp reference emp(deptno) ,ename varchar2(10),job varchar2(9));

Cascade deletion:

Syntax:

SQL> create table <table name> (column name data type(size)constraint

<constraint name> reference (parent table name(column name))on delete cascade , column name datatype(size));

Example:

SQL> create table dept1 (deptno number(4)constraint fk-emp reference emp(deptno)on delete cascade ,ename varchar2(10),job varchar2(9));

 

HOW TO ADD AND INTIGRITY CONSTRAINT TO A COLUMN IN A TABLE

Syntax:

SQL> alter table <table name>add constraint <constraint name>

<constraint type>(column name)

Example:

SQL> alter table emp1 add constraint pk primary key(empno);

 

HOW TO DROP A PARENT TABLE DIRECTLY:

Syntax:

 SQL> Drop table <table name>cascade constraints

HOW TO DELETE ROWS FROM A TABLE:

Syntax:

 SQL> delete from <table name> [where (condition)]

Example:

SQL> delete from emp where deptno=10;

 

COMPOSITE FOREIGN KEY:

Example:

SQL> create table emp (empno number(5),ename varchar2(10),job varchar2(10),deptno number(2),sal number(7,2) foreign key(empno,deptno),reference dept(eno,dno);

HOW TO MODIFY THE TABLE:

Syntax:

SQL> alter table <table name>add (column name datatype(size) default integrity constraint);

Example:

SQL> alter table dept add( loc varchar2(20));

 

HOW TO SET DEFAULT VALUE FOR A COLUMN

Syntax:

 SQL> create table dept1 (deptno number(4),ename varchar2(10),loc varchar2(9)default ‘string’);

Example:

SQL> create table dept1 (deptno number(4),ename varchar2(10),loc varchar2(9)default ‘khammam’);

 

HOW TO MODIFY DATA TYPE OF COLUMN:

Syntax:

 SQL> alter table <table name>modify (column name datatype(size) default integrity constraint);

Example:

SQL> alter table dept modify( loc varchar2(20));

HOW TO ENABLE & DESABLE OF INTIGRITY CONSTRAINTS:

Syntax:

 SQL> alter table <table name>enable or disable  (constraint

<constraint type>(col1,col2….);

Example:

SQL> alter table emp enable (primary key);

HOW TO DROP  INTIGRITY CONSTRAINTS:

Syntax:

 SQL> alter table <table name>drop constraint <constraint name> (col1,col2…)

Example:

SQL> alter table emp drop primary key;

SQL> alter table emp drop unique (empno);

SQL> alter table emp drop constraint nn not null(empno);

 

TRUNCATE COMMAND

SQL>truncate table dept;

 

AND, OR, IN, NOT IN OPERATORS:

SQL>select * from emp where sal>1000 AND job=’cleark’;

SQL>select * from emp where sal>1000 OR job=’cleark’;

SQL>select * from emp where job IN(‘salesman’,’clerk’);

SQL>select * from emp where job NOT IN(‘salesman’,’clerk’);

DISTINCT CLAUSE:

SQL> select distinct(job) from emp;

 

ORDER BY CLAUSE :

SQL>select * from emp order by sal;

SQL>select * from emp order by sal desc;

NUMBER FUNCTIONS:

1)      select abs(-20) from dual;  20

2)      select ceil(1.5) from dual;  2

3)      select floor(1.5) from dual; 1

4)      select round(100.856,2) from dual; 100.86

5)      select round(100.856)from dual; 101

6)      select trunc(100.856,2) from dual; 100.85

7)      select trunc(100.856) from dual; 100

8)      select sqrt(25) from dual; 5

9)      select mod(25,5) from dual; 0

10)  select log(10,2) from dual; 0.30103

11)  select ln(2) from dual;  0.69314718

12)  select sin(30) from dual; same as sin, cos, tan, sec ,cosec, sinh, cosh…………

13)  select exp(2) from dual; 7.3890561

14)  select power(5,2) from dual; 25

 

CHARECTOR  FUNCTIONS

1)      select initcap(‘arif’) from dual; Arif

2)      select upper(‘arif’) from dual; ARIF

3)      select lower(‘ARIF’) from dual; arif

4)      select lpad(‘arif’,10,’*’) from dual; ******arif

5)      select rpad(‘arif’,10,’*’) from dual; arif******

6)      select ltrim(‘*****arif’,’*’) from dual; arif

7)      select rtrim(‘arif******’,’*’) from dual; arif

8)      select replace(‘arif ur’,’ur’,’ur rahman’) from dual; arif ur rahman

9)      select translate(‘arif ur’,’ur’,’ur rahman’) from dual; arif ur

10)  select * from emp where soundex(ename)=soundex(‘scott’); scott

11)  select substr(‘arif rahman’,6,6) from dual; rahman

12)  select ascii(‘A’) from dual; 65

13)  select instr(‘arif’,’r’,1) from dual; 2

14)  select length(‘arif’) from dual; 4

 

DATE FUNCTIONS

1)      select to_char(sysdate,’dd-mm-yyyy’) from dual; 20-03-2005

2)      select months_between(to_date(’20-03-2005′,’dd-mm-yyyy’),

to_date(’20-01-2005′,’dd-mm-yyyy’))from dual; 2

3)      select months_between(sysdate,to_date(’05-07-1978′,’dd-mm-yyyy’))from dual;

4)      select to_date(’20-03-2005′,’dd-mm-yyyy’),sysdate-165 from dual;

5)      select add_months(sysdate,120)from dual;

6)      select next_day(sysdate,’sunday’) from dual;

7)      select last_day(sysdate) from dual;

8)      select round(to_date(’05-07-1978′,’dd-mm-yyyy’),’month’) from dual; 01-JUL-78

9)      select round(to_date(’05-07-1978′,’dd-mm-yyyy’),’year’) from dual; 01-JAN-79

10)     select to_char(sysdate,’ddth-mm-yyyy’) from dual; 20th-03-2005

11)  select to_char(sysdate,’ddsp-mmsp-yyyy’) from dual; twenty-three-2005

OTHER FUNCTIONS:

1)      select job,greatest(sal,comm) from emp;

2)      select vsize(ename),ename from emp;

3)      select nvl(comm,0) from emp;

 

GROUP FUNCTIONS:

1)      select count(distinct(job)) from emp;

2)      select sum(sal) from emp where job=’manager’and deptno=10;

3)      select max(sal) from emp;

4)      select min(sal) from emp;

5)      select avg(sal) from emp;

6)      select stddev(sal) from emp;

7)      select variance(sal) from emp;

 

GROUP BY CLAUSE:

1)      select sum(sal),job from emp group by job;

2)      select sum(sal),job from emp group by job having job=’MANAGER’;

3)      select sum(sal),job,count(*) from emp group by job;

4)      select sum(sal),job,count(*) from emp group by job having sum(sal)>=5000;

JOINS:

1)      select empno,ename,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

2)      select e.empno,e.ename,d.dname,e.deptno from emp e,dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno;

3)      select empno,ename,job from emp where job=’MANAGER’ and empno not in(select distinct(mgr) from emp;

SUB QUERY:

1)      select * from emp where job=(select job from emp where ename=’BLAKE’);

2)      select * from emp where sal=(select min(sal) from emp);

3)      select * from emp where sal in(select min(sal) from emp group by deptno);

4)      select * from emp where sal >some(select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno);

5)      select * from emp e where exists(select empno from emp where emp.mgr=e.empno);

SET OPERATORS:

1)      select * from table1

union

      select * from table2;

2)      select * from table1

union all

      select * from table2;

3)      select * from table1

intersect

      select * from table2;

4)      select * from table1

minus

      select * from table2;

 

VIEW:

Syntax:

 SQL> create [or replace][force] view  < view name> (col1,col2……) as select columns from <table name>

Example:

SQL> create or replace view emp2 as select * from emp;

SEQUENCE:

Syntax:

 SQL> create sequence[user schema]< sequence name>

            [increment by n]

            [start with I]

            [max value n]

            [min value n]

            [cycle/no cycle]

            [cache/no cache]

            [order/ no order]

Example:

SQL> create sequence s1

increment by 1

start with 10

minvalue 1

maxvalue 1000

nocycle

nocache;

USER AND SECURITY:

Syntax:

 SQL> create user <user name>

            [identified by password]

            [default table space]

            [temporary table space]

            [quota =on x system]

            [quota=any]

            [profile (name)]

Example:

SQL> create user arif indentifed by maga;

 

System privileges: create session, create table, create view, create index

Privileges: select, insert, update, delete, alter, index, references, all

Change user password: alter user <user name> identified by <new password>

Grant: grant <privilege>on <object name> to <user name>

SYNONYM: create[public] synonym <synonym name> for <table name>

Ex: create synonym emp1 for emp;

Drop synonym: drop synonym <synonym name>

                           Drop synonym emp2;